LBNL · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
The US national lab whose interconnection-queue and data-center energy studies are the standard public reference for grid wait times and load growth.
Current numbers
>5 yearsMedian request-to-COD for built US generation and storage projects in LBNL data; not a large-load service lead time
13%Of generation and storage capacity that requested interconnection in 2000–2020, the share operating by end-2025; 75% withdrew (LBNL, 2026 Edition)
17 → 38-73 bn galUS direct data-center water consumption: LBNL's 2023 estimate and its 2028 scenario range