Numbers Provenance Register
1,060 canonical active claims across 1,255 chapter occurrences. Each claim appears once by default; expand it to see every place the guide quotes it. The all-rows view lists those occurrences alongside claims not yet placed in a chapter and the figures on the watchlist.
1,060 active claims1,255 chapter occurrences589 with revision history24 flagged contested— review due
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How to use this register
Before carrying a figure into a design or model, match its value kind and scope to your decision, check its as-of and review dates, and open the cited source. A contested figure has credible sources that materially disagree, so test the decision against the competing values. Sparklines and the recently revised list show recorded changes; review health follows each figure's review-by date and fast, standard, or slow cadence.
- derived · 99 Derived values are guide calculations; their result is only as fixed as the stated inputs, scope, and method.
- estimate · 95 Interpret this value according to its displayed kind, scope, source, and as-of date.
- forecast · 79 Forecasts are time-bound outlooks, not specifications; test decisions across plausible scenarios.
- modeled · 88 Interpret this value according to its displayed kind, scope, source, and as-of date.
- observed · 684 Reported measurements, counts, and specifications keep the precision and scope stated by their source; an exact specification is not treated as a range.
- proposed · 2 Proposed values are not yet final requirements or specifications; track the decision or rulemaking that can change them.
- recommendation · 13 Recommendations are design guidance, not measured facts; validate them against the project boundary conditions.
1,060 matches · showing 1–100
| Canonical claim | Value | Kind / scope | Trend | As of | Review | Updated | Occurrences | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.6T switch deployment; ramp faster than 800G, >5M ports within 1-2 years of shipping | first volume yr 2026 | forecast | — | 2026 | checking… | — | Semtech press release quoting Dell’Oro Group | |
| 1 GW AI data center: up-front capex ~$37.9B (servers ~$21.2/W with GPUs inside that line, facility ~$11.4/W, network ~$4.9/W, land + utility works ~$0.3/W) and all-in annual TCO (~$8.5M/MW-yr) | ~$38B / ~$8.5B/yr | modeledEpoch’s modeled US hyperscaler, 1 GW IT, GB200 NVL72. Default IT life about 5.3 years; annualized economic cost includes capital opportunity cost, not a literal debt-service bill or exact five-year sensitivity. | — | 2026-05 | checking… | — | Epoch AI, Amelia Michael and Ben Cottier, May 2026 model and linked workbook. May 19 is the article’s up-front CapEx CSV revision date; annualized-cost CSV is marked May 14. This record’s asof_date identifies the CapEx data revision, not article publication or verification. | |
| Guide sensitivity: annualized cost at exactly 3, 5 and 7 IT years using Epoch’s May 2026 inputs | $12B / $8.8B / $7.3B | derivedGuide sensitivity with fixed Epoch May 2026 capital, annual operating cost and WACC. Only economic earning life changes; book depreciation is separate. The workbook default is about 5.3 years, not exactly five. | — | 2026-05 | checking… | — | Epoch AI, Amelia Michael and Ben Cottier, May 2026 workbook; Guide fixed-life calculation. | |
| liquid-cooling retrofit headline capex vs greenfield liquid-cooled build, per MW · contested | ~$2M/MW vs upwards of $11M/MW | estimate | — | 2026 | checking… | — | STL Partners, 'The retrofitting roadmap: An evolution of liquid cooling' (press summary, 28 May 2026). Headline capex only; STL cautions that customer migration, downtime, lost tenancy revenue and legacy constraints can change the investment case. The release contains no 20-rack case and no performance-ratio figure. | |
| HBM3E is deployed with NVIDIA GB300; HBM4 is in high-volume production for NVIDIA Vera Rubin | HBM3E → GB300; HBM4 → Vera Rubin | observed | — | 2026 | checking… | — | SK hynix GTC 2026 account; Micron HBM4 production release | |
| US public-water-system PFAS settlement payments, 2024-2036 (final approval March 2024); 3M recorded a $10.3B pretax charge in Q2 2023 | $10.5-12.5B nominal (2024-2036) | observedThe range is the nominal total 3M will pay under the settlement. The $10.3 billion pretax charge recorded in 2023 is a separate, present-value accounting figure. | — | 2024-2036 | checking… | — | 3M 2025 Form 10-K, Note 17 (filed 2026-02-03); the Q2 2026 Form 10-Q repeats the figures | |
| Meta observed failure-rate change for jobs using at least 512 GPUs following its lemon-node mitigation | 14% → 4% | observedNamed RSC deployment and event definition; a useful external comparison, not a required calibration target for other fleets. | — | 2024 | checking… | — | Meta paper. | |
| 800G/1.6T optical transceiver lead time for volume orders: 40+ weeks in distributor reports, set by EML laser, PAM4 DSP and packaging supply. NVIDIA's March 2026 agreements ($2B equity in each of Lumentum and Coherent, plus multibillion-dollar purchase commitments and capacity rights) tied up EML output; McKinsey expects 800G supply to run 40–60% short of demand through 2027 and 1.6T 30–40% short through 2029. · contested | 40 wk or more (distributor-reported); EML capacity allocated past 2027 for buyers outside NVIDIA's agreements | estimate | — | 2026-07 | checking… | — | not placed | Utmel transceiver shortage outlook (distributor, 2026-07-09) |
| abandoned factory shell to 100k-GPU training cluster (xAI Colossus, Memphis); doubled to 200k in a further 92 days | 122 days | observed | — | 2024–2025 | checking… | — | NVIDIA Newsroom (Spectrum-X / xAI Colossus) | |
| ABB synchronous-condenser orders announced for VoltaGrid: 27 booked in Q1-Q3 2025 plus 35 additional orders announced 26 March 2026; ordered, not installed | 62 sync condensers | observed | — | 2026-03-26 | checking… | — | ABB | |
| accelerated GPU economic life — contested: bear case 2–3 yr on obsolescence; Goldman Sachs estimates 4–6 yr useful life vs 5–6 yr book · contested | 2–3 yr (bear case) vs 4–6 yr (GS) | forecastGoldman Sachs characterizes four to six years as the estimated useful life of AI accelerators; it does not substantiate a general two-to-three-year economic life or a universal 20–40% three-year residual value. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | Goldman Sachs Global Institute, Tracking Trillions (April 2026), for the 4–6 yr useful life; Michael Burry (November 2025, reported by CNBC 2025-11-11) for the 2–3 yr bear case | |
| accelerator-utilization (AU) threshold for a valid MLPerf Storage v3.0 training result, by workload; holding this line is the loader's core objective | Unet3D ≥90%, RetinaNet ≥85% | observedv3.0 emulates NVIDIA B200 or AMD MI355 accelerators. The v2.0 round (August 2025, H100 emulation) used 90% for 3D U-Net and ResNet-50 and 70% for CosmoFlow; thresholds and emulated accelerators are not comparable across versions. | — | 2026-09 | checking… | — | MLCommons, MLPerf Storage benchmark definitions (v3.0); v3.0 results published 2026-09-01 | |
| gross acres per MW of planned IT capacity at Vantage's Frontier campus (project example) | ~0.86 | derivedFrontier's announced acreage and planned IT capacity. Another project's capacity comes from its own site layout. | — | 2025 announcement | checking… | — | Vantage Data Centers | |
| active generation + storage in US interconnection queues (end-2025; >1.5x US installed capacity; down from 2,290 GW end-2024) | >2,060 GW | observedGeneration and storage seeking transmission interconnection — supply-side context, not a large-load service queue. LBNL attributes the year-on-year decline to both withdrawals and fewer new requests and cautions that reform effects are not yet measurable. | end-2025 | checking… | — | LBNL Queued Up program data through end-2025 (emp.lbl.gov/queues). The 2025-edition PDF (queued_up_2025_edition_12.15.2025.pdf) is the end-2024 report — 10,303 active projects, 2,290 GW — and is not the source for this end-2025 figure. | ||
| Vertiv Liebert CRV chilled-water in-row units: net sensible cooling capacity per unit | 27.1 / 46.3 / 53.2 kW per CW unit | observedCR032, CR040 and CR050 respectively, at 95 F return dry bulb and 23% RH; CR032 and CR040 at 45/55 F entering/leaving water, CR050 at 55/68 F. The CR035 DX and water/glycol variants have separate schedules. Converting a per-unit duty into kW per rack depends on the number of units serving the row, airflow distribution, containment and the redundancy case. It is not a rating for a close-coupled fan wall. | — | 2025-05 | checking… | — | Vertiv | |
| local opposition groups active in 49 states as of September 2026; there were 396 at end-2025 | 843 | observed | — | 2026-09-21 | checking… | — | Data Center Watch, reported by Bloomberg via Insurance Journal, September 21, 2026 | |
| active RDHx capacity per rack — Motivair ChilledDoor is rated up to 75 kW with 100% heat removal | up to 75 kW — Motivair ChilledDoor | observed | — | 2026-09 | checking… | — | Motivair ChilledDoor product page; HPE QuickSpecs, Motivair Liquid Cooled Doors (V4, 2022-04-04) for the rating condition | |
| Growth in North American (US and Canada) natural-gas pipeline capacity needed by 2052 over 2022 levels, as projected by the INGAA Foundation | +39% | forecastCovers the US and Canada from 2022 to 2052; the 39% is the increase over 2022 capacity. | — | 2026-03 | checking… | — | INGAA Foundation, North American Midstream Infrastructure fact sheet | |
| Commerce announced buyer-specific approvals for G42 and HUMAIN, each equivalent to up to 35,000 NVIDIA Blackwell GB300 chips | Up to 35,000 GB300-equivalents per buyer | observedNovember 19, 2025 announced authorization ceiling for each of two named companies. Not a count of physically shipped chips and not a destination-wide authorization. | — | 2025-11-19 | checking… | — | U.S. Department of Commerce — November 19, 2025 announcement; buyer-specific ceiling confirmed in the official press-release index. Full licenses were not obtained; current shipment permission is unverified. | |
| Delivery lead time for a new aeroderivative gas turbine, class-level market estimate (Enverus, reported by Reuters, September 2026) | ~40 mo | estimateA market-wide estimate for new units, not an OEM quote. GE's aero-products supply agreement (SEC filing, December 2024) put LM slot capacity as full for 2025 and 2026, and sets a 24-month lead-time goal only for orders placed after 1 January 2027. Units already in rental fleets are a separate channel: APR Energy advertises 30–90 days to deploy its own turbines. | — | 2026-09 | checking… | — | Reuters (republished by Pipeline & Gas Journal, September 2026), citing Enverus | |
| aggregate NVLink bandwidth in one GB200 NVL72 domain (72 GPUs, ~13.4 TB unified memory) | ~130 TB/s | observedNamed NVIDIA generation/platform, bidirectional aggregate convention; not delivered collective bandwidth, cache coherence or arbitrary mixed-platform performance. | 2026 | checking… | — | NVIDIA NVLink platform page (undated); no publication date invented. | ||
| ICONIQ respondent expectation for AI-application gross margin in 2026 | ~52% expected | forecastExpected 2026 AI gross margin in the ICONIQ survey population; not a measured whole-industry result or a directly comparable mature-SaaS margin series. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | ICONIQ 2026 State of AI Bi-Annual Snapshot; publication day not stated in the accessible page, year recorded. | |
| US data-center natural-gas consumption forecast for 2030, RBC Capital Markets | ~6 Bcf/d | forecastRBC's forecast covers US data centers, and its likely range is 6–7 Bcf/d. | — | 2026-05 | checking… | — | RBC Capital Markets, Natural gas powers the data center boom | |
| AI hardware refresh interval compressing from a 5-7 yr norm — the engine of recurring embodied carbon | 18-36 mo | observedhardware refresh interval | — | 2026 | checking… | — | Goldman/CNBC | |
| AI/HPC scheduler share: Slurm / Kubernetes / in-house (rule of thumb) | ~70% / ~20% / ~10% | estimateTrade-press rule of thumb with no stated sampled population or method; not a fleet census or a scheduler selection criterion. | — | 2026-05-15 | checking… | — | HPCwire, Slurm vs Kubernetes in the Age of AI, 15 May 2026; denominator not specified. | |
| AI inference capacity to 2030 (~35% CAGR) vs training 23.1 → 62.2 GW (~22%) | 20.9 → 93.3 GW | forecastMcKinsey base-case scenario for AI workload capacity growth to 2030, not observed capacity. Compare it only against other capacity forecasts on the same denominator. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | McKinsey, 'The next big shifts in AI workloads' | |
| AI-optimized build cost including tenant technology fit-out, excl. IT/servers — shell+core alone runs ~$11.3M/MW (JLL 2026); do not stack fit-out on top of an all-in facility figure | ~$15-25M/MW | estimateJLL's 2026 outlook supports ~$11.3M/MW shell and core (single-tenant, ~50 MW, excluding land and active IT) and a separate tenant technology fit-out reaching ~$25M/MW that includes IT such as GPUs and networking. The facility-only $15-25M/MW band therefore rests on Goldman's ~$15M/MW model plus market data, not on JLL's fit-out figure. State the MW denominator (IT MW) and the included infrastructure before adding any silicon budget. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | JLL 2026 Outlook; Goldman Sachs; iRecruit / Construct Elements market data | |
| EPA Region 8 indicates about 60-90 days to review a minor-source permit with no comments or refined modeling, and 6-12 months for a synthetic-minor or PSD permit with comments or refined modeling | ~60 days-12 months (Region 8 indicative estimates) | estimateOne region's examples, not a national maximum and not the whole project schedule. A complete application, PSD pre-application modeling and any required ambient monitoring all come before the review clock starts. | — | 2026-08-24 | checking… | — | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8 | |
| SemiAnalysis October 2024 eight-GPU H100 compute-node BOM estimate, before and after host/DPU optimization | $270k → $256.4k per node | estimateHistorical 1,024-H100 cluster with 128 eight-GPU nodes. The compute-node subtotal excludes rack/cluster fabric, networked storage, software and facilities. This is an analyst estimate for that configuration, not a 2026 quote or a complete installed-cost range. | — | 2024-10-03 historical example | checking… | — | SemiAnalysis — AI Neocloud Playbook and Anatomy, October 3, 2024; compute-chassis BOM estimate. | |
| Micron completed price-and-volume agreements for its entire calendar-2026 HBM supply, including HBM4 | Micron CY2026 HBM supply contracted | observedMicron supplier disclosure at 2025-12-17; not all suppliers and not an allocation to a specific buyer. | — | 2025-12-17 | checking… | — | Micron — Micron FQ1 2026 earnings presentation, December 17, 2025. | |
| AMD EPYC 9965 (Turin) host CPU, DDR5-6000/6400; Intel Xeon 6 up to 128 P-cores w/ MRDIMM-8800 | 192 cores / 500 W | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | AMD; Intel; Phoronix | |
| AMD Helios (72× MI455X) rack-scale FP4 (1.4 EF FP8), 31 TB HBM4, ORW double-wide | ~2.9 EF FP4 | modeledHelios OEM/ODM reference design; the appendix uses the advertised configuration and separately records the delivery forecast. | — | 2026-09 | checking… | — | AMD, Helios product page, Rackscale Solution Specs and footnote 2. | |
| AMD Helios reference-design systems: AMD expects volume deployments in 2H 2026 | Volume deployments expected 2H 2026 | forecastHelios is a reference design for OEM/ODM products. Procurement requires that supplier’s allocation and support commitment. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | not placed | AMD, Helios product page, availability FAQ. |
| AMD MI350-series (MI350X/MI355X) 8-GPU node: switchless full mesh, seven Infinity Fabric links per GPU | 1,075.2 GB/s per GPU (7 × 153.6 GB/s) | observedBidirectional per-link rate in a fully connected 8-GPU node; a GPU pair gets one link by default, and collectives on fewer than eight GPUs use a fraction of the aggregate. | — | 2026-09 | checking… | — | not placed | AMD ROCm documentation, workload optimization (checked 2026-09-29). |
| AMD MI355X availability — ramping through 1H26; Oracle first hyperscaler with public instances, building a 27,000+ node MI355X cluster | ramping through 1H26 | observed | — | 2025-11 | checking… | — | not placed | Investing.com earnings-call transcript |
| AMD MI355X FP4 (no sparsity) and HBM3E capacity; 1,400 W peak board power | ~10.1 PFLOPS / 288 GB | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | AMD Instinct MI355X GPU datasheet (LE-92703-00, 10/25) | |
| AMD MI355X FP4 (sparse), CDNA4, with native FP6 support | ~20 PFLOPS | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | AMD MI355X product page | |
| AMD MI355X/MI325X 8-GPU system lead time — editorial proxy, no OEM-published SKU clock as of mid-2026. MI325X ~6–12 wk standard; MI355X ~8–16 wk; 12–24 wk for large or custom liquid-cooled deployments | ~8–20 wk | estimate8-GPU systems, accepted orders; proxy range | — | 2026-07 | checking… | — | not placed | Editorial proxy triangulated from SLYD OEM lead-time benchmarks (2026-01) and Crusoe MI355X program ~3–6 mo announcement-to-service (2025-06-12); no public OEM SKU-level quote found as of 2026-07 |
| AMD–OpenAI Instinct supply agreement over 5 yr; first 1 GW (MI450) H2 2026; up to 160M AMD shares to OpenAI | 6 GW | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | AMD / TechCrunch / DCD | |
| AMD ROCm 10.1.0 release, 5 October 2026 | ROCm 10.1.0 (release snapshot) | observedVersioned software release; hardware, OS, model operators and communication features require the selected compatibility matrix. Known issues: RCCL all-reduce with the Low Latency (LL) protocol might produce incorrect results on MI350 Series GPUs (workaround NCCL_PROTO=LL128,Simple); Hugging Face training of BERT, RoBERTa-large, DistilBERT-base and GPT-2 on MI350X might take 6–22% longer than expected (first reported in 10.0.0; stated in the latest release notes). Not an assertion of equal performance or complete API coverage. | — | 2026-10-05 | checking… | — | AMD ROCm release notes, version 10.1.0, 5 October 2026 (known issues). | |
| Americans who oppose a local AI data center / who worry new data centers will raise their energy bills | ~70% / 78% | observedGallup fieldwork March 2-18, 2026, published May 13; Consumer Reports survey of 2,146 US adults in November 2025, released March 11, 2026 | — | 2026 | checking… | — | Gallup, local AI data-center construction survey (March 2026); Consumer Reports, energy survey (November 2025) | |
| Bain’s September 2025 modeled annual monetization gap for anticipated 2030 AI demand | ~$800B | modeledBain’s stated scaling and monetization assumptions, including reinvested savings. Not an observed shortfall or the probability of the guide’s bubble scenario. | — | 2025-09 | checking… | — | Bain & Company, Global Technology Report press release, 23 September 2025. | |
| Water-side economizing energy saving, heat-source system (chillers, cooling towers, pumps), one Suwon laboratory building | 52.8% modeled for Jan–Mar and Nov–Dec; 42.0% measured in a separate 42-day trial | modeledOne laboratory building in Suwon, Korea. The 52.8% is a simulation of the five economizer months (January to March, November and December), averaged over five weather years: 574.1 MWh without economizing against 270.8 MWh with it. The 42.0% is a measurement over 28 December 2023 to 8 February 2024 against the same period a year earlier. The boundary is the heat-source system: chillers, cooling towers and pumps. Neither number is a full-year saving. | — | 2024-12 | checking… | — | Kim, Lee & Kim, J. Korean Inst. Archit. Sustain. Environ. Build. Syst. (2024-12-30) | |
| annual EED reporting deadline (prior calendar year); FY2023 first cycle was 15 Sep 2024 | 15 May | observedAnnual operator submission to the European database for the preceding calendar year | 2026-08-24 | checking… | — | Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 | ||
| ANSI/NETA Acceptance Testing Specifications — the current as-installed bar for switchgear, breakers, relays and primary injection | ATS-2025 | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | ANSI/NETA ATS-2025; NETA World Journal | |
| ANSI/TIA-942-C publication date; Rated terminology predates Revision C | May 2024 | observedTIA announced Revision C on May 9, 2024. Rated terminology predates this edition; TIA/Uptime announced the Tier-name separation in March 2014. Licensed clause-level conformance and local adoption require separate records. | — | 2024-05-09 | checking… | — | TIA, Revision C announcement, 9 May 2024; Rated terminology predates this revision. | |
| Data-center securitization issuance (ABS plus CMBS), H1 2026, by region (Apollo) | US $18B / EU $0.9B / UK $1.1B | estimateApollo's tally of issued deals, data as of August 2026; includes ABS and CMBS. value_central is the US figure. Not the Morgan Stanley ABS-only forecast. | — | H1 2026 | checking… | — | not placed | Apollo Daily Spark (Huw van Steenis), Europe AI build-out is missing a financing market, 2026-09-17 |
| architecture cadence — Blackwell 2024, Blackwell Ultra 2025, Rubin 2026, Rubin Ultra 2027, Feynman 2028 | annual | observed | — | 2026 | checking… | — | The Next Platform | |
| ASHRAE register lists published commissioning references and proposed data-center guideline | G0-2019 / G1.1-2025 / Std 202-2024; G1.6P proposed | observedRegister observation, not a new publication date. Adopted editions determine project applicability; Guideline 1.1 covers new HVAC&R commissioning. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | ASHRAE, Titles, Purposes and Scopes register. | |
| ASHRAE liquid classes by max supply water temp (17/27/32/40/45 °C, plus W+); all share a 2 °C lower limit | W17 / W27 / W32 / W40 / W45 / W+ | observed | — | 2024 | checking… | — | ASHRAE TC 9.9 Thermal Guidelines, 5th ed. (revised reference card, Table 3.1) | |
| ASHRAE–PNNL–NEMA AI Data Center Energy Performance Framework release | 10 June 2026; guidance, not mandatory requirements | observedLifecycle design, commissioning, operation and retrofit guidance; does not supersede codes or standards. | — | 2026-06-10 | checking… | — | ASHRAE release announcement, published 2026-06-10; release and framework scope. https://www.ashrae.org/about/news/2026/ashrae-nema-and-pnnl-release-ai-data-center-energy-performance-framework-to-guide-next-generation-design-and-operation | |
| ASHRAE A1–A4 recommended inlet band; allowable A1 15–32, A2 10–35, A3 5–40, A4 5–45 °C; H1 narrower at 18–22 recommended / 5–25 allowable | 18–27 °C | observedClasses A1–A4. The high-density H1 class has a narrower 18–22 °C recommended and 5–25 °C allowable range, and the equipment OEM determines which class applies. Allowable exposure is qualified operation, not the reliability of recommended conditions, and the associated humidity and altitude limits apply alongside the dry-bulb band. | — | 2024 | checking… | — | ASHRAE TC 9.9 Thermal Guidelines (5th ed.) | |
| ASHRAE fifth-edition equipment air and liquid classes; separate 2024 liquid-cooling resiliency bulletin | A1–A4 + H1 / W17, W27, W32, W40, W45, W+ | observedEquipment capability classes, not chosen operating points. Do not infer a rack TCS temperature, FWS setpoint, return temperature, or PUE from a class alone. | — | 2021 | checking… | — | ASHRAE AI Data Center Energy Performance Framework, Figure 2, confirms W17/W27/W32/W40/W45/W+. H1 is recorded in ASHRAE’s fifth-edition Thermal Guidelines; the 2024 resiliency publication is a separate Technical Bulletin. H1 primary reference: https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/bookstore/emergence-and-expansion-of-liquid-cooling-in-mainstream-data-centers_wp.pdf (2021), fifth-edition discussion. | |
| ASHRAE TC 9.9 Thermal Guidelines edition that renamed the liquid W-classes (W17/W27/W32/W40/W45/W+) and added W40 and the H1 air class | 5th ed. (2021) | observed | — | 2021 | checking… | — | ASHRAE, Emergence and Expansion of Liquid Cooling in Mainstream Data Centers (2021), p. 4: fifth-edition class changes. | |
| RAND's 2024 read of frontier-program security posture against the OC4–OC5 adversaries that want the weights | ~SL2–SL3 | estimateRAND RRA2849-1 (2024) proposes the benchmark and discusses capability gaps; it is not a named, dated assessment of named 2026 programs. A current grade requires an identified assessor, date, scope, and evidence. | — | 2024 | checking… | — | RAND, Securing AI Model Weights (RRA2849-1, 2024); IFP / IST SL5 Task Force for the SL5 gap | |
| RAND assesses eight of 38 weight-theft vectors as likely infeasible for OC1–OC3 but likely feasible for OC4 or OC5 under its defined capabilities | 8 of 38 | estimateRAND 2024 expert assessment under its defined adversary capabilities; eight vectors rated likely infeasible for OC1–OC3, not a categorical impossibility statement. | — | 2024-05-30 | checking… | — | RAND, Securing AI Model Weights, 30 May 2024, printed page 18 (PDF page 28). | |
| Point-source far-field geometrical spreading per distance doubling; setback economics depend on land and receptor geometry | ~6 dB | derivedAbout 6 dB per distance doubling for unchanged far-field point-source directivity and propagation terms. Setback adds no attenuation hardware or its maintenance, but consumes land; compare its land and layout cost with source treatment. An extended line-source regime approaches 3 dB per doubling. | 2017 | checking… | — | ASHRAE Handbook, Sound and Vibration, logarithmic distance attenuation. | ||
| total Sweden-Finland transfer capability in each direction after the 380 km Aurora Line was commissioned on 13 Nov 2025 (+~900 MW FI→SE / +~800 MW SE→FI) — which also raised permitted withdrawal around Luleå/Boden from 345 to 745 MW | ~1,900 MW | observedNext planned link, Fenno-Skan 3 (~800 MW), is not expected until ~2038. | — | 2025-11 | checking… | — | not placed | Fingrid; Svenska kraftnät |
| reported tenant handoff to newly spun-up nodes after a one- or two-node failure | ~90 sec | observed | — | 2026 | checking… | — | SemiAnalysis AI Neocloud Playbook / ClusterMAX | |
| average annualized insider-risk cost in the cited report: $19.5M across 354 organizations | $19.5M | observedSurvey/benchmark population includes negligent, malicious and credential-theft incidents; not a data-center-specific loss estimate. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | Ponemon Institute, 2026 Cost of Insider Risks Global Report; DTEX sponsor report page. Study observations concern 2025. | |
| average breach cost in IBM's 2026 Cost of a Data Breach report: $4.99M global and $11.5M US | $4.99M global / $11.5M US | observedOne IBM/Ponemon report vintage (2026). The global average rose 12% from $4.44M in the 2025 report; AI-enabled malicious breaches averaged $6M. Do not mix 2025 and 2026 values. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | IBM/Ponemon Cost of a Data Breach 2026 (IBM release 2026-07-29; IBM Think data-breach topic page) | |
| average eCrime breakout time (initial access to first lateral movement) in 2025, down from 48 min in 2024; fastest 27 s | 29 min | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | CrowdStrike 2026 Global Threat Report | |
| Average time to contain an insider incident: 67 days, down from 86 in 2023; far longer than a checkpoint copy takes | 67 days | observedTime to contain in the study population, not a model-theft detection budget or time to copy a checkpoint. | 2026 | checking… | — | Ponemon Institute, 2026 Cost of Insider Risks Global Report; DTEX sponsor report page. Study observations concern 2025. | ||
| AWS facilities directly hit by drones (UAE) + 1 blast-damaged (Bahrain), Mar 2026 — first confirmed combat strike on US-run hyperscale DC | 2 + blast | observed | — | 2026-03 | checking… | — | DefenseScoop / DCK / MWI (West Point) | |
| AWS Trainium3 availability — shipping since start of 2026 and nearly fully subscribed; Trainium2 largely sold out; Trainium4 planned for 2027; AWS in-house chips (Trainium+Graviton+Nitro, blended) ~$25B annualized with ~$225B multi-year commitments | nearly fully subscribed | observed | — | 2026-08 | checking… | — | not placed | Amazon Q1 2026 earnings, Andy Jassy (2026-04-30); Q2 2026 earnings + Bezos remarks (Aug 2026): Trainium4 2027, ~$25B annualized in-house chip revenue, $225B commitments |
| Guide footprint-average screening range for 3,000–3,300 lb over approximately 0.64 m² | ~435-480 psf | derivedThe class-mass endpoints are screening assumptions, not HPE minimum and maximum ratings. HPE GB200 provides the separate named 3,245 lb profile. Neither result is a support, rolling or uniform floor rating. | — | 2026-07 | checking… | — | HPE GB200 QuickSpecs V5, July 20, 2026: system dimensions and loaded-with-fluid mass; the guide range uses the stated class-mass screening assumptions. | |
| Modeled back-end fabric cost saving from virtual-modular-switch layout plus 2:1 oversubscription versus NVIDIA's non-blocking 1,024-H100 reference architecture (SemiAnalysis, October 2024; single-source) · contested | ~31% | modeledSemiAnalysis estimates a 31.6% total saving for the combined design versus the NVIDIA reference architecture; the non-blocking virtual-modular-switch layout alone saves 24.9%. These are modeled design-specific costs, not observed fleet savings. | 2024-10 | checking… | — | SemiAnalysis, AI Neocloud Playbook and Anatomy | ||
| back-end NICs per training node = 3.2 Tb/s/node; 1:1 non-blocking 8-rail fat-tree | 8× 400 Gb/s | observedOne named 8-rail training reference design, not a workload-name mandate. Validate the port rate, rail count, and blocking ratio against the target traffic matrix, topology, placement, failure headroom, and step-time objective. | — | 2025 | checking… | — | SemiAnalysis AI Neocloud Playbook | |
| back-end SuperNIC provisioning (8×400G/800G per 8-GPU server = 3.2–6.4 Tb/s/node) + a separate front-end/storage NIC | 1 per GPU | observed | 2025 | checking… | — | NVIDIA RA | ||
| Bain's September 2026 model: new annual AI revenue still needed in 2031 to reach the ~$6T AI market that would sustain ~$1.5T/yr of AI infrastructure spend | ~$4.2T | modeledBain sizes the consumer and enterprise AI market at $1.2–1.8T and computes the gap to ~$6T from the top of that range, assuming capex near 25% of revenue. A model requirement on a 2031 horizon, not an observed shortfall; not comparable with Bain's 2025 ~$800B gap for 2030, which used a different model. | — | 2026-09 | checking… | — | Bain & Company, Technology Report 2026: New innovation is required to fund AI's $6 trillion buildout, 2026-09-29 | |
| Bartz v. Anthropic: $1.5 billion settlement fund approved in the final judgment dated 20 July 2026 | $1.5B settlement fund | observedSettlement fund approved in the named litigation, not proof of completed distribution, a per-work net payout, appellate finality or a general permission to train. | — | 2026-07-20 | checking… | — | US District Court, final approval and judgment, Document 680, 20 July 2026; official settlement-administrator court-document copy. | |
| Estimated cut in total battery capacity, and the double-conversion loss avoided, when one distributed battery set replaces duplicated A- and B-side central UPS battery sets | ~50% / 2–3% | estimateSemiAnalysis analyst estimate, not a field measurement. Dropping the separate A-side and B-side central UPS batteries yields the roughly 50% capacity reduction, and removing the central AC-DC-AC pair avoids its 2-3% loss. The installed result depends on the runtime and redundancy you need and on any central conversion you keep. | — | 2026-05 | checking… | — | SemiAnalysis, Inside the 800VDC Revolution, Part 1 (2026-05-26) | |
| Cleanview’s mid-2026 US behind-the-meter generation announcement stock | ~90 GW announced | estimateTracker estimate of announced US generation capacity across 59 projects; not contracted output, operating supply or a forecast that all announcements will commission. Public summary reports about 2 GW operating and 1.2% under construction. | mid-2026 (publisher’s observation window) | checking… | — | Cleanview, Michael Thomas, Bypassing the Grid, public report; explicitly describes mid-2026 operating capacity and gives no publication day. Verification on September 8, 2026 does not create a source date. | ||
| behind-the-meter (mostly gas) announced since Jan 2025; the speed-vs-carbon tradeoff in one number | ~82 GW | estimateTracker count of announced US behind-the-meter generation capacity since January 2025 — not contracted output, permitted plant or operating supply. The same tracker's cumulative announcement stock is a separate claim. | 2026 | checking… | — | Cleanview | ||
| Meta Llama 3 405B pre-training: 41% BF16 MFU on 16,384 H100 GPUs at 8,192-token sequence length | ~41% | observedNamed 405B pre-training configuration; other Table 4 layouts report 38% or 43%. No Hopper fleet-wide MFU band or universal acceptance threshold follows. | 2024-07 | checking… | — | Meta, The Llama 3 Herd of Models, Table 4, July 2024 report. | ||
| BF16 MFU gain on H100 (GPT-3 175B) from software and kernel maturation over ~12 months, Jan–Dec 2024, on unchanged silicon | 34% → 54% | observedThe endpoints are rounded MFU percentages, so a throughput ratio computed from them (54/34) is approximate; quote the gain only from the source's unrounded figures. | — | 2024 | checking… | — | SemiAnalysis (H100 vs GB200 NVL72 Training Benchmarks, Oct 2025) | |
| BIS moves qualifying direct US advanced-computing exports to China/Macau to case-by-case review | Jan 15 2026 | observedItems must stay under set performance thresholds and the applicant must make the rule's certifications. Reexports and in-country transfers keep a presumption of denial. | — | 2026-01-15 | checking… | — | US BIS final rule, Federal Register, January 15, 2026 | |
| Blackwell (B200/GB200) allocation backlog for new orders — the last cleanly reported order-to-delivery lead time; NVIDIA has since communicated allocation status, not weeks | ~12 mo | observedOctober-2024 launch-period backlog for new B200/GB200 orders. A historical allocation datapoint, not a current quote: schedule a 2026 procurement decision from a product-specific, clock-defined entry on the live lead-time register. | — | 2024-10 | checking… | — | Morgan Stanley via Data Center Dynamics (2024-10-11) | |
| Blackwell (B200) confidential-computing overhead for a tuned LLM serving stack; stock stacks and eight-GPU training cost more | ~1–3% tuned serving | observedOne physical host with Intel TDX and NVIDIA Blackwell CC; ~1–3% tuned serving, 30–40% stock serving and ~10–13% eight-GPU training in the evaluated configurations. Not a multi-node or all-workload bound. | — | 2026-09 | checking… | — | arXiv, independent paired-run B200 study arXiv:2608.26575v2; submitted 2026-08-27, revised 2026-09-01 | |
| Blackwell vs Rubin 2026 shipment mix — TrendForce raised Blackwell to ~71% and cut Rubin to 22% on HBM4 validation, the ConnectX-8→9 migration, power and cooling steps | Blackwell ~71% of 2026 | forecast | — | 2026-04 | checking… | — | not placed | TrendForce via The Register (2026-04-08) |
| Bloom–Oracle master agreement supports procurement up to 2.8 GW; initial 1.2 GW contracted, with deployment underway and continuing into 2027. | up to 2.8 GW | observed2.8 GW is the agreement's ceiling, not contracted or operating capacity. | — | 2026-04-13 | checking… | — | Bloom Energy IR / press | |
| BlueField-4 Arm Neoverse V2 complex (64B transistors, ~6× BF-3 compute); 128 GB LPDDR5; PCIe Gen6 | 64-core | observed | — | 2026 | checking… | — | NVIDIA / WWT / HPCwire | |
| NVIDIA advertises up to 800 Gb/s connectivity for the BlueField-4 DPU; the Vera-based BlueField-4 STX storage processor is a separate product profile | 800 Gb/s | observedAdvertised DPU interface capability, not an end-to-end application benchmark or a guarantee that all scale-out traffic traverses this DPU. | 2026 | checking… | — | NVIDIA BlueField Platform, DPU portfolio and connectivity description. | ||
| BMC runs on standby power and boots before the host; a rooted BMC is an OS-invisible, persistent foothold under the CPU | always-on | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | Eclypsium / OCP DC-SCM | |
| Ohm's-law screening current at an assumed 1,000 ohm body resistance: about 800 mA at 800 VDC versus about 48 mA at 48 VDC; injury depends on path, duration and actual contact impedance | ≈800 mA | derivedIllustrative Ohm’s-law arithmetic at an assumed 1,000 Ω; potentially fatal exposure, not a prediction of current through a person, an injury threshold, a DC arc model or permission for exposed work. The source’s protective-grounding context does not become a rack-maintenance procedure. | 2026-08-24 | checking… | — | U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR 1926 Subpart V Appendix C, 2025 CFR edition, III.D.1, printed p. 509; GovInfo final text read September 8, 2026. | ||
| SemiAnalysis recommendation for factory high-temperature burn-in before deployment in its October 2024 operator playbook; not an observed settling time or universal acceptance duration | ≥3–4 weeks | recommendationSemiAnalysis recommends at least 3–4 weeks of factory high-temperature burn-in before deployment for the playbook it describes, plus a separate 2–3-day on-site burn-in. The signed project/OEM/contract plan sets the actual campaign and stopping rule. | — | 2024-10 | checking… | — | SemiAnalysis, AI Neocloud Playbook and Anatomy | |
| Broadcom Jericho4 deep-buffer router; 3nm; HBM packet memory (~160× on-chip); RoCE over >100 km via 3.2 Tbps HyperPorts | 51.2 Tbps | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | Broadcom / The Next Platform | |
| Broadcom Tomahawk 6 (102.4 Tb/s) availability — production volume from March 2026, sample-to-production in under three quarters on 'unprecedented' demand; Arista TH6-based 1.6T switches ship from Q4 2026 | volume ramp Mar 2026 | observed | — | 2026-03 | checking… | — | not placed | Broadcom press release (2026-03); Arista PR (2026-06-09) |
| Tomahawk 6 advertised switching capacity; family shipping in production volume | 102.4 Tbps | observed102.4 Tb/s chip family; 512×200G or 1,024×100G electrical options. System ports and optical variants require separate support and delivery evidence. | 2026-03-12 | checking… | — | Broadcom production-volume announcement, 2026-03-12. | ||
| Enabled Energy estimate for an existing-hall upgrade supporting 20–40 kW racks through cooling, electrical resiliency and airflow/containment changes · contested | ~$5–6M per MW | estimateNot a liquid-cooled, NVL72-class conversion; the $2M/MW cooling-only figure and the two-thirds-unsuitable statistic are dropped (not in the source). | — | 2025-07 | checking… | — | Enabled Energy, originally published as DCD opinion, 2025-07-08 | |
| King & Spalding's April 2025 experience: commercial-cloud projects below $500M tended to use GMP; $5–10B AI/hyperscale projects tended to use target-price painshare/gainshare | <$500M | observedLaw-firm experience with compensation mechanisms; not a surveyed market threshold or a rule selecting EPCM | — | 2025-04 | checking… | — | King & Spalding, Building Data Centers – Key Considerations | |
| busway / busduct lead time — standard runs average ~27 wk (VAWN 2026-06), custom engineered runs at the top of the range; fabrication can't start until final dimensioned drawings | ~27–52 wk | observed | — | 2026 | checking… | — | not placed | CPM Pros; VAWN electrical lead-time index (2026-06) |
| 6SigmaDCX calibration results in two published air-side case studies | 1% grille flow / 5% AHU load; generally <5% tile flow | observed | — | 2016 | checking… | — | Future Facilities 6SigmaDCX case studies (Compass; Binghamton/ES2) | |
| California SB 253 first Scope 1/2 report date in CARB's revised proposal; SB 261 enforcement enjoined | 10 Nov 2026 (proposed) | proposedThe 15-day modified text proposes 10 Nov 2026; final Office of Administrative Law action was still pending as of 24 Aug 2026. SB 261 enforcement remains enjoined. | — | 2026-08-24 | checking… | — | California Air Resources Board | |
| Caliptra open silicon RoT co-developed by Microsoft, Google, AMD, NVIDIA; committed in their first-party/server silicon | 4 contributors | observed | — | 2025 | checking… | — | OCP / CHIPS Alliance / Microsoft Azure | |
| capital premium for Tier IV (fault-tolerant) over Tier III (concurrently maintainable) — construction + fit-out | ~25–40% facility | estimateSecondary-source whole-facility planning estimate quoted by Savills in May 2024; no disclosed estimating population or method. No universal multiplier follows from Uptime Tier criteria. | — | 2024-05 | checking… | — | Savills Research, European Data Centres, May 2024; publisher report. Quoted secondary estimate; not measured project evidence. | |
| Capacity under construction in CBRE's eight primary North American data-center markets, H1 2026, and its preleased share | 7,481 MW; >80% preleased | observedMore than 80% preleased (74.3% a year earlier); less than 1,500 MW left available for preleasing. Asking rents for 3–10 MW requirements rose 8.3% in H1 2026. Eight primary markets only. | — | H1 2026 | checking… | — | CBRE, North American data center demand continues to outpace supply despite record construction, 2026-09-08 | |
| CBRE average asking rent for 10+ MW wholesale colocation requirements, Northern Virginia | $160–185/kW-mo | observedAsking rates for 10-plus-MW requirements in CBRE's H1 2026 Northern Virginia market report; about $1.9–2.2M/MW-year in rent. Asking, not contracted, rates. | — | H1 2026 | checking… | — | CBRE, North America Data Center Trends H1 2026 (Northern Virginia) | |
| ProphetStor-reported CDU energy saving in its Proven Benefits discussion | 22–28% | observedThe reported range belongs to the supplier’s Proven Benefits discussion; it is not established as the result of the separate twenty-job, single-server integration test. | — | 2026 | checking… | — | ProphetStor, Predictive Liquid Cooling for AI Data Centers, Proven Benefits discussion (undated supplier page). | |
| CDU heat-exchanger approach (FWS→TCS) as a design allowance; OCP's Project Deschutes 5 CDUs are rated 2 MW at 3 °C | ~3–5 °C | recommendationThe ~3–5 °C range is the guide's design allowance. Project Deschutes 5 design units are rated 2 MW at a 3 °C approach (vendor listings); smaller row CDUs are often rated at much wider approaches (e.g. 15 °C, Chapter 5.6). | — | 2026-10 | checking… | — | OCP Marketplace, Vertiv CoolChip CDU – Project Deschutes 5 listing (undated; accessed 2026-10) |