pressure-wave speed in water-filled metal pipe — sets the Joukowsky surge magnitude
~900–1,500 m/sobserved
| Value kind | observed — Reported measurements, counts, and specifications keep the precision and scope stated by their source; an exact specification is not treated as a range. |
|---|---|
| Scope | Broad engineering envelope only. Calculate celerity for the actual fluid temperature/air content, material, diameter-to-wall ratio, support/restraint, and pipe geometry; do not use 900–1,500 m/s as a universal design input. |
| Caveat | USACE typical values are lower than the broad upper envelope; very stiff metal pipes approach the acoustic speed of water. |
| As of | 2022–2024 |
| Source | USACE EM 1110-3-173; peer-reviewed Water 2022, 14(19), 3107 · USACE p. 27, §5-5/Table 5-3: Joukowsky relation and metal-pipe ranges; Water 2022 §2 Eq. 3 and steel calibration |
| Review | checking…review by 2027-08-24 · slow cadence |
| Recorded changes | last 2026-08-24 · 3 revisions tracked |
| Claim id | pressure-wave-speed-in-water-filled-metal-pipe |
Where the guide uses it
← Full numbers register — every date-stamped figure in the guide, with revision history.