lead-acid (VRLA) closed-loop recycling rate; lithium BESS is a Class 9 hazmat stream with a still-maturing chain
~99%observed
| Value kind | observed — Reported measurements, counts, and specifications keep the precision and scope stated by their source; an exact specification is not treated as a range. |
|---|---|
| As of | 2025 |
| Source | Battery Council International / US EPA · Headline and opening paragraphs: 99% recycling rate for lead batteries in the United States |
| Review | checking…review by 2026-09-08 · fast cadence |
| Recorded changes | last 2026-07-10 · 2 revisions tracked |
| Claim id | lead-acid-vrla-closed-loop-recycling-rate |
Where the guide uses it
← Full numbers register — every date-stamped figure in the guide, with revision history.