N+1
Redundancy with one spare component beyond what the load needs, tolerating a single failure or maintenance event.
Current numbers
~80 MVA x3typical HV/MV transformer unit, N+1, to serve ~150 MW peak; ~10% MVA cushion over MW
secondsloss-of-cooling thermal-trip window for 1 kW+ GPUs — UPS-backed pumps + N+1/2N rejection mandatory
+30–50%MEP construction-cost swing of 2N over N+1; 2N strands ~50% of capacity idle